type is used by many languages for defining type synonyms, for example, Scala and Haskell. It is clean and nice and, as @glaebhoerl said, it will be used much more often if (when?) associated types are accepted.
Also typedef in C/C++ is different from type in Rust and other languages; it does not create real type synonyms, it creates new types (consider variable definitions: struct S a = ...; for struct S { ... }; and S a = ... for typedef struct { ... } S). Renaming type into typedef may be confusing for newcomers from C.