Currently, sleep does not accept a duration that is less than a millisecond, as shown by your post. If it is less, than it does not activate.
However, it should be documented that timer::sleep only sleeps in terms of milliseconds. (relevant doc page)
You can not provide a compile time warning in non-trivial code, because the time could be submitted by a user.
I do not think it is feasible to panic in this case because it seems like it is doing what it should. If you want to fail in this case, you should check it yourself.